Medical English | Day21
2014/11/28 医学生
hypertension
[ha?p?'ten?(?)n]
n. 高血压；过度紧张
词组Hyper-表超过，增加，增大
hyperventilation换气过度
hypertrophy 肥大；过度增大
词组portal hypertension门静脉高压
pulmonary hypertension肺动脉高压
systolic hypertension收缩期高血压
Masked Hypertension隐匿性高血压
aged hypertension老年高血压病
borderline hypertension临界性高血压
transient hypertension短暂性高血压
例句Hypertension and high cholesterol levels are both risk factors, but each condition has its own set of genetic risk factors, which interact with environmental influences such as stress and diet.
高血压和高胆固醇都是风险因素，但是每种疾病有自身的遗传风险因素，这些因素与环境影响(比如压力和饮食)相互作用。
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Answer
A 31-year-old white woman is trying to get pregnant. She has a niece who suffers from a genetic disease characterized by recurrent respiratory infections and pancreatic failure. She would like to assess her chances of having a child with this disease. Which of the following laboratory techniques could be used to determine if this woman and/or her husband is a carrier of the mutant gene?
一名31岁的白种女性准备怀孕。她有一个侄子患有反复的呼吸系统感染和胰腺衰竭的遗传病。她想 估计她的孩子患有此种疾病的风险。下面哪种实验室技术可以用来检查她和她的丈夫是否是这种变异基因的携带者？
(A) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
(B) Gel electrophoresis
(C) Northern blot
(D) Polymerase chain reaction and sequencing
(E) Western blot
(A) 酶联免疫吸附法
(B) 凝胶电泳
(C) Northern blot
(D) PCR和测序
(E) Western blot
Answer
The correct answer is D.PCR and sequencing
can be used to determine if this woman and/or
her husband is a carrier of the cystic fi brosis gene, the most common single-gene mutation in white people. This mutation commonly presents with dysfunction of the lungs, pancreas,and other organs due to buildup of thick mucus. PCR is used to amplify the region of interest, and sequencing is used to see if the cystic fibrosis mutation is present.
正确答案是D。PCR和测序可以用来检查她和她的丈夫是否是在白种人中最常见的单基因突变囊胞性纤维症的携带者。这种变异常因为形成厚的粘液，表现出肺，胰腺，和其他器官的功能不全。PCR证实变异区域，测序则是证实是否存在囊胞性纤维症的变异。
Tropism and replication of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus from dromedary camels in the human respiratory tract: an in-vitro and ex-vivo study.
来源于埃及和沙特的单峰骆驼的MERS-CoV病毒可能会传染给人类
Renee W Y Chan ,Maged G Hemida ,Ghazi Kayali ,Daniel K W Chu ,Leo L M Poon ,Abdelmohsen Alnaeem
Lancet Respir Med
2014-08-28
索引：Lancet Respir Med 2014 Aug;
中文摘要来源：医纬达
BACKGROUND
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a zoonotic infection causing severe viral pneumonia, with index cases having resided in or recently travelled to the Arabian peninsula, and is a global concern for public health. Limited human-to-human transmission, leading to some case clusters, has been reported. MERS-CoV has been reported in dromedary camels but phenotypic characterisation of such viruses is limited. We aimed to compare MERS-CoV isolates from dromedaries in Saudi Arabia and Egypt with a prototype human MERS-CoV to assess virus replication competence and cell tropism in ex-vivo cultures of human bronchus and lung.
METHODS
We characterised MERS-CoV viruses from dromedaries in Saudi Arabia and Egypt and compared them with a human MERS-CoV reference strain. We assessed viral replication kinetics and competence in Vero-E6 cells (rhesus monkey), tissue tropism in cultures of ex-vivo human bronchial and lung tissues, and cytokine and chemokine induction, gene expression, and quantification of viral RNA in Calu-3 cells (human respiratory tract). We used mock-infected tissue as negative controls for ex-vivo experiments and influenza A H5N1 as a positive control for cytokine and chemokine induction experiments in Calu-3 cells.
FINDINGS
We isolated three dromedary strains, two from Saudi Arabia (Dromedary/Al-Hasa-KFU-HKU13/2013 [AH13] and Dromedary/Al-Hasa-KFU-HKU19D/2013 [AH19D]), and one from Egypt (Dromedary/Egypt-NRCE-HKU270/2013 [NRCE-HKU270]). The human and dromedary MERS-CoV strains had similar viral replication competence in Vero-E6 cells and respiratory tropism in ex-vivo cultures of the human respiratory tract, and had similar ability to evade interferon responses in the human-respiratory-tract-derived cell line Calu-3.
INTERPRETATION
The similarity of virus tropism and replication competence of human and dromedary MERS-CoV from the Arabian peninsula, and genetically diverse dromedary viruses from Egypt, in ex-vivo cultures of the human respiratory tract suggests that dromedary viruses from Saudi Arabia and Egypt are probably infectious to human beings. Exposure to zoonotic MERS-CoV is probably occurring in a wider geographical region beyond the Arabian peninsula.
背景资料
中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒(MERS-CoV)是一种引起严重病毒性肺炎的动物传染病，其标志病例存在于或最近已传播至阿拉伯半岛，是全球公共卫生关注的一种传染病。 已报告人类之间的有限传播导致一些病例集群。 据报告，MERS-CoV 存在于单峰骆驼中，但是这种病毒的表型特征是有限的。 我们的目的是对比从沙特阿拉伯的单峰骆驼中分离的 MERS-CoV 和人类 MERS-CoV 原型，以评估在体外培养的人类支气管和肺中病毒的复制能力和细胞嗜性。
方法
我们对沙特阿拉伯和埃及的单峰骆驼的 MERS-CoV 病毒进行了特性描述并与人类 MERS-CoV 参照菌株进行了对比。 我们评估了 Vero-E6 细胞(猕猴)的病毒复制动力学及其能力，在体外培养的人类支气管和肺组织的特异性、与细胞因子和趋化因子的诱导、基因表达和 Calu-3 细胞病毒的 RNA 定量(人类呼吸道)。 我们在 Calu-3 细胞中使用模拟感染的组织作为体外实验的阴性对照，在细胞因子和趋化因子的诱导实验中使用流感 A H5N1 作为阳性对照。
研究结果
我们分离了三组单峰骆驼菌株，两组来自于沙特阿拉伯(单峰骆驼/Al-Hasa-KFU-HKU13/2013 [AH13] 和单峰骆驼/Al-Hasa-KFU-HKU19D/2013 [AH19D])，一组来自于埃及(单峰骆驼/Egypt-NRCE-HKU270/2013 [NRCE-HKU270])。 人类和单峰骆驼的 MERS-CoV 菌株在 Vero-E6 细胞中的病毒复制能力相似，在体外培养的人类呼吸道中的呼吸趋性也有相似的能力，具有类似于人类呼吸道衍生细胞系 Calu-3 逃避干扰素反应的能力。
解读
人类与阿拉伯半岛单峰骆驼的 MERS-CoV 具有相似的病毒趋性和复制能力，而且埃及的单峰骆驼病毒具有遗传多样性，在体外培养的人类呼吸道表明沙特阿拉伯和埃及单峰骆驼的病毒可能会传染给人类。 在阿拉伯半岛外，可能出现更广泛的地理区域暴露于动物体 MERS-CoV。
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